12.2 - Democratization

Waves and Reverse Waves

• waves of democratization
  • book by Samuel Huntington
  • First (1828 - 1926)
    • Western Europe & North America
    • Born in revolution
    • Application of democratization
  • Second (1942 - 1962)
    • WWII liberation of formerly fascist states
  • Third (1974 - present)
    • Portuguese Carnation Revolution
    • Latin America
    • East Asia
    • Parts of Africa
    • 30+ countries
  • Fourth? (1989)
    • end of USSR
• reverse waves
  • First (1922 - 1942)
    • Fascist, socialists, and authoritarians come into power
    • Many former democracies
  • Second (1958 - 1975)
    • Military dictatorships
    • Latin America, Asia, Africa, Parts of Europe
• rule of law
  • fixed, clear, coherent laws determine the rules of society
  • often replaced rule of man
• Carnation Revolution
  • Portuguese
• Rose Revolution (2003)
  • Georgia revolution
• Orange Revolution (2004-2005)
  • Ukraine
• Arab Spring (2010)
  • Tunisia, Lybia, Egypt
• Cedar Revolution (2005)
  • Lebanon

Women's March of Freedom

• Kate Sheppard
  • New Zealand suffragette
  • Achieved suffrage in 1893
• Catherine Helen Spence
  • Australia (1894 - 1902)
  • First female candidate for political office (1897)
• Finland (1907)
  • 13 women elected to parliament
  • Still a global leader in this front
• Emmeline Pankhurst (1918)
  • Great Britain
  • More aggressive
• Susan B. Anthony
  • United States (1920)
• Raichō Hiratsuka
  • Japan
  • Feminist author
  • Advocate for women's rights
• birth control
  • cheap & reliable
  • women have much more control over when to have children
• gender wage gap
  • women make less than their male counterparts on average

Marginalized People's March of Freedom

• end of slavery
  • Gradual, difficult process
  • Abolitionist movements
  • Less profitable than before
• Olaudah Equiano
  • Former slave who wrote about his awful experiences
• William Wilberforce
  • Led a campaign to end slavery in Great Britain
• apartheid
  • Legal racial segregation in South Africa
  • Separated the white and black populations
    • forced black populations to return to "African Bantu Lands"
  • Led to a huge gap in income & oppurtunity
• untouchables (Dalit; Harijan)
  • Lowest caste group in India
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • "I have a dream" speech
• Rosa Parks
  • Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Thurgood Marshall
  • Brown v Board
  • Overturned "separate but equal"
• Henry (Hank) Aaron
  • Began his career in a black-only league
  • Ended his career has one of the most beloved MLB players of all time
• Barack Obama
  • Black & elected twice
• F.W. de Klerk
  • Leader of white dominated government in South Africa
  • Worked with Mandela to end apartheid
• Nelson Mandela
  • Ended apartheid in South Africa

A New Reverse Wave?

• Russia
  • Reversed from democracy
• Vladimir Putin
  • He is basically a dictator of a supposed democracy
• Turkey
  • Secular government becomes more authoritarian & religious
• Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
  • Authoritarian leader of Turkey
  • Stated "Democracy is a bus stop; once I get where I'm going, I get off"
• Hungary
  • Became more authoritarian recently
• Viktor Orban
  • Authoritarian leader of Hungary
• People’s Republic of China
  • market authoritarianism
• human trafficking