12.1 - Decolonization

Decolonization

• Monroe Doctrine
  • Protects the Western hemisphere from European intervention
  • US did whatever it wanted in the West though
• Panama Canal (1903)
  • US encouraged revolution against Columbia
  • Economic advantage
• Ireland (1916-1922)
  • Very bloody conflict
  • Some feel Northern Ireland indicates not full independence
• Saudi Arabia (1932)
  • Independent state created by Arab nationalists
  • Oil
  • Controlled Mecca & Medina
• Kurds
  • Under Turkish control
  • not able to get independence
• Falklands War (Guerra de las Malvinas)
  • British fought a brief war to maintain its hold on the islands
• Hong Kong (1997)
• Macao (1999)
• waves of decolonization (first, second, third, and fourth)
  • First
    • During the Age of Revolutions (late 18th - early 19th)
    • Americas get independence
  • Second (post-1918)
    • Break up of European empires
    • Break up of Ottoman empire
    • Creation of Finland, YugoSlavia
  • Third (post-1945)
    • East Asia
    • South Asia
    • Africa
    • Southeast Asia
  • Fourth (post-1989)
    • collapse of Soviet Union

Decolonization Case Studies

• Philippines (1946)
  • formerly a Spanish colony
  • Then US-controlled
  • Japan invades, US-returns 1944 and gives independence 2 years later
• Vietnam (1976)
• Partition of India (1947)
  • Pakistan & Bangladesh separate
  • Ghandi Assassinated - January 30, 1948
• Jordan (1946)
• Syria (1946)
• Israel (1948)
  • Contentious creation
  • Originally going to be a two-party state
• Algeria (1954 - 1962)
  • 25k French Killed
• Frantz Fanon
  • Psychological impacts of colonization
  • Wrote an influential book that helped end colonialism
  • Wrote about escaping mental colonization
• Ghana (1957)
  • "Big Six" on currency
• Kwame Nkrumah
  • Ghanan leader to independence

Neo-Colonialism

• European Union (EU)
  • Organized 1993
  • Attempt to improve economic strength
  • Break down borders
  • Establish common laws & currency
• Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum (APEC)
  • No where near as close integration as the EU
• transnational corporations
  • Corporations that exist in multiple nations
  • Ex. Toyota
• Al Qaeda
  • trans-national terrorist networks
• global village
  • Technology unites people all around the world
• “Empire by Invitation”
  • US bases located in independent, sovereign nations
• dependency theory (dependencia)
  • Prices of raw materials decline faster than finished goods
  • Less-developed nations have to rely more on more developed nations
• cultural imperialism
  • McDonalds
  • Coke
  • Cultural phenomenons get shared across the globe