4.3 - Intellectual and Economic Change
- capitalism
- private ownership
- profit motive
- frowned upon in many societies
- market competition
- creation of banks/lending/insurance
- Joint stock companies
- British East India company
- Putting-out system
- each part of manufacturing would be separated out
- predecessor to the assembly line
- Émilie du Châtelet
- French mathematician and physicist
- Mistress of Voltaire
- Precocious child
- Fluent in six languages by 12
- Translated Newton's work Principia Mathematica
- Voltaire called her "a great man whose only fault was being a woman"
- enlightenment
- Galileo Galilei
- Showed that space was not the perfect, unblemished realm people thought it was
- Revealed that the universe was much larger than people had previously thought
- Used a telescope to observe the skies
- Challenged the Catholic Church's current beliefs and forced to renounce his findings
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- mathematician
- legal scholar
- historian
- philosophy
- wanted the reunification of Christian churches
- liked Confucianism & was similar to Confucius in some ways
- Isaac Newton
- Wrote about gravity
- Allowed him many new breakthroughs on previously unexplainable things
- Wrote Principia Mathematica
- Also interested in alchemy
- Nicolaus Copernicus
- Challenged the Ptolemaic Universe
- Theorized the idea that the sun was at the center of the universe
- He was very criticized for this idea
- Led the way into an era of more careful scientific observation.
- protoindustrialization
- Scientific Revolution